Quote of the Lesson (दिन के उद्धरण)

    “It is not because things are difficult that we do not dare; it is because we do not dare that things are difficult.”

    “ऐसा नहीं है कि कार्य कठिन हैं इसलिए हमें हिम्मत नहीं करनी चाहिए, ऐसा इसलिए होता है क्योंकि हम हिम्मत नहीं करते हैं इसलिए कार्य कठिन हो जाते हैं।”

    “We must stop assuming that a thing which has never been done before probably cannot be done at all.”

    “हमें यह मानना बन्द कर देना चाहिए कि ऐसा कार्य जिसे पहले कभी नहीं किया गया है, उसे किया ही नहीं जा सकता है।”

    “Things turn out best for the people who make the best out of the way things turn out.”

    “ऐसे लोगों के लिए परिणाम सर्वश्रेष्ठ रहते हैं जो कि सामने आने वाली परिस्थितियों में सर्वश्रेष्ठ कार्य निष्पादन करते हैं।”

    “Be more concerned with your character than with your reputation. Your character is what you really are while your reputation is merely what others think you are.”

    “अपने सम्मान की बजाय अपने चरित्र के प्रति अधिक गम्भीर रहें। आपका चरित्र ही यह बताता है कि आप वास्तव में क्या हैं जबकि आपका सम्मान केवल यही दर्शाता है कि दूसरे आपके बारे में क्या सोचते हैं।”

    “Adversities cause some men to break; others to break records.”

    “प्रतिकूल परिस्थितियों से कुछ व्यक्ति टूट जाते हैं, जबकि कुछ अन्य व्यक्ति रिकार्ड तोड़ते हैं।”

Fruits Name (फलों के नाम)

Banana	केला
Beet root	चुकंदर
Blackberry	जामुन
Cashewnut	काजू
Custard apple	शरीफा

Vegetable Name (सब्जियों के नाम)

कमल ककड़ी	Lotus Stem, Lotus root
जैतून	Olive
हरा प्याज़	Onion-green, Spring Onion
तोरी,तुरई	Ridge Gourd
बथुआ	White goose-foot
रतालू	Yam

Technical word (तकनीकी शब्द)

Insourcing
Insourcing is a business practice in which work that would otherwise have been contracted out is performed in house.
Insourcing often involves bringing in specialists to fill temporary needs or training existing personnel to perform tasks that would otherwise have been outsourced. An example is the use of in-house engineers to write technical manuals for equipment they have designed, rather than sending the work to an outside technical writing firm. In this example, the engineers might have to take technical writing courses at a local college, university, or trade school before being able to complete the task successfully. Other challenges of insourcing include the possible purchase of additional hardware and/or software that is scalable and energy-efficient enough to deliver an adequate return on investment (ROI).

In the wild
According to noted computer virus expert Paul Ducklin, in order for a virus to be considered in the wild, "it must be spreading as a result of normal Lesson-to-Lesson operations on and between the computers of unsuspecting users." Although there are an estimated 47,000 computer viruses, fewer than 600 are said to be circulating outside of laboratories and research facilities - hence, in the wild. Experts say these wild viruses pose the most significant threat to computers. Wild viruses typically contain a damaging payload and the ability to wipe out all computer files, sometimes even damaging a computer's BIOS.

Inbound call
An inbound call is one that a customer initiates to a call center or contact center. A help desk handles inbound calls as well, although calls may be made from employees rather than customers. A call center may handle either inbound or outbound calls exclusively or might deal with a combination of the two.

Inbox zero
Inbox Zero is a rigorous approach to email management aimed at keeping the inbox empty -- or almost empty -- at all times. Merlin Mann, a productivity expert and creator of the 43 Folders website, developed the Inbox Zero concept. According to Mann, the zero is not a reference to the number of messages in your inbox but "the amount of your brain that's in your inbox." The point is that ineffective email management negatively affects mental functioning and productivity.

Incubator
In the business world, an incubator is an enterprise that is set up to provide office space, equipment, and sometimes mentoring assistance and capital to new businesses that are just getting started. (The term is familiar in poultry farming, where an incubator is a specially-equipped home for baby chickens.) Business incubators are set up by universities, non-profit groups, and increasingly by venture capitalists, especially for new Web businesses.
On the Web, the pace of growth and competition, especially of retail and business-to-business (B2B) Web sites, is fostering software packages for the creation of "out-of-the-box" Web sites. For more ambitious Web sites and technology product development, venture capitalists are discovering that the incubation idea provides an organized way to finance and monitor the progress of its fledgling "chicks."

indemnification
In service level agreements (SLAs) and other legal contracts such as end-user license agreements (EULAs), indemnification is the part of an agreement that provides for one party to bear the monetary costs, either directly or by reimbursement, for losses incurred by a second party.

Indempotency
Based on our inferences about the only three uses of this term that we have discovered on the Internet, indempotency (pronounced ihn-dehm-POH-tuhns-ee , from Latin indemnis or "unharmed") is the ability to preserve the integrity of a thing or action no matter how much it is used or accessed by another thing or action. For example, in computer programming, it would usually be desirable for a table that was updated by different sources to reflect the same updated information whether that information was sent in once or many times. A method that ensured such integrity could be said to provide indempotency.

Indeo
Indeo is a compression algorithm developed by Intel and used by Microsoft's Video for Windows.

Index register
An index register is a circuit that receives, stores, and outputs instruction-changing codes in a computer. This circuit is also called an address register or a register of modifications.
A register is a data-holding place in a computer processor. A register can hold an instruction, a storage address, or any kind of data. The effective address of an entity in a computer running multiple programs comprises the base, index, and relative addresses, all stored in the index register, and any of which can be modified by the index register before the entity is acted upon (for example, an instruction is carried out).

Inductor
An inductor is a passive electronic component that storesenergy in the form of a magnetic field. In its simplest form, an inductor consistsof a wire loop or coil. The inductance is directly proportional to the number ofturns in the coil. Inductance also depends on the radius of the coil and on the type of material around which the coil is wound.
For a given coil radius and number of turns, air coresresult in the least inductance. Materials such as wood, glass, and plastic - known as dielectric materials - are essentially the same as air for the purposes of inductor winding. Ferromagnetic substances such as iron, laminated iron, and powdered iron increase the inductance obtainable with a coil having a given number of turns. In some cases, this increase is on the order of thousands of times. The shape of the core is also significant. Toroidal (donut-shaped) cores provide more inductance, for a given core material andnumber of turns, than solenoidal (rod-shaped) cores.

Inertia
Inertia is a property of matter that causes it to resist changes in velocity (speed and/or direction). According to Newton's first law of motion, an object with a given velocity maintains that velocity unless acted on by an external force. Inertia is the property of matter that makes this law hold true.

InfiniBand
InfiniBand is a type of communications link for data flow between processors and I/O devices that offers throughput of up to 2.5 gigabytes per second and support for up to 64,000 addressable devices. Because it is also scalable and supports quality of service (QoS) and failover, InfiniBand is often used as a server connect in high-performance computing (HPC) environments.
The internal data flow system in most PCs and server systems is inflexible and relatively slow. As the amount of data coming into and flowing between components in the computer increases, the existing bus system becomes a bottleneck. Instead of sending data in parallel (typically 32 bits at a time, but in some computers 64 bits) across the backplane bus, InfiniBand specifies a serial (bit-at-a-time) bus. Fewer pins and other electrical connections are required, saving manufacturing cost and improving reliability. The serial bus can carry multiple channels of data at the same time in a multiplexing signal. InfiniBand also supports multiple memory areas, each of which can addressed by both processors and storage devices.

Infographics
An infographic (information graphic) is a representation of information in a graphic format designed to make the data easily understandable at a glance. People use infographics to quickly communicate a message, to simplify the presentation of large amounts of data, to see data patterns and relationships, and to monitor changes in variables over time.
Infographics abound in almost any public environment -- traffic signs, subway maps, tag clouds, musical scores and weather charts are just a few examples, among a huge number of possibilities.

Infomercial
On television, an infomercial is a short or regular-length television program that combines information presentation with an integrated suggestion to buy a particular product or service. Exercise equipment and correspondence courses are two products sometimes sold through infomercials.
In the print media, the equivalent to an infomercial is the multi-page "advertising supplement" that is formatted to look like the news part of the medium and contains real information content.

Infonesia
Infonesia is an inability to remember where you saw or heard an item of information. The condition is usually temporary but can recur frequently. It is more common in "information societies", with their flows of e-mail , seasonal catalogs, personal digital assistant s, and trial magazine subscriptions. Possibly the most pernicious form of infonesia is internesia , the inability to remember which Web site you saw an item of information on.
A person who is racking their brain to remember the information source could properly be termed an infonesiac, although this usage is not common.

Infonomics
Infonomics is a social science that involves studying the production and consumption of information and the transfer of money to produce, sell or obtain it. Simply put, infonomics is the economics of information.
Infonomics is based on the idea that information is an enterprise asset and should be counted and managed as such. Just as with economics, there are two main types of infonomics
micro and macro. Microinfonomics focuses on information related to private individuals or businesses. Macroinfornomics focuses on the information ecosystem as a whole.

Information
Information is stimuli that has meaning in some context for its receiver. When information is entered into and stored in a computer, it is generally referred to as data. After processing (such as formatting and printing), output data can again be perceived as information.
When information is packaged or used for understanding or doing something, it is known as knowledge.

Vocabulary (शब्द संग्रह)

Word	Meaning	अर्थ
Armistice	The cessation of warfare before a treaty is signed.	युद्ध विराम, संधि
Arsenal	A place where weapons and ammunitions are stored	शस्त्रागार
Ascetic	One who tortures himself for the good of soul.	सन्यासी
Atheist	One who does not believe in the existence of God	नास्तिक
Audible	Sound which can be heard	श्रव्य, सुनाये देने योग्य ध्वनि

Spice/utensils/Food Grains (स्पाइस / बर्तन / अनाज)

सूजी	semolina
साबूदाना	sago
तिल	sesame, gingelly
चीनी	sugar
गन्ना	sugarcane

Antonyms and Synonyms (विलोम और समानार्थक)

Synonyms (समानार्थक)

Eager - Keen	उत्सुक - इच्छुक
Elevate - Raise	तरक्की - उठाएँ
Enormous - Huge	भारी - भारी
Enquire - Investigate	पूछताछ - जांच
Evaluate - Assess	मूल्यांकन - आकलन

ToLesson Proverbs (आज नीतिवचन)

Idioms :  A figure among ciphers.

Idioms :  A little knowledge is a dangerous thing ./ Half knowledge is dangerous.

Idioms :  A wolf in lamb’s clothing.

Important Words (महत्वपूर्ण शब्द)

ask	पूछ
assist	सहायता
at	पर
attend	हाज़िरी देना
August	अगस्त
aunt	बुआ/चाची/मौसी/मामी/काकी
aunt	बुआ/चाची/मौसी/मामी/काकी

Book club (किताब-क्लब कि बातचीत)

Sharon:	जॉन, क्या मैं तुम्हारे साथ एक मिनट के लिए बार कर सकती हूँ? Hey John, can I talk to you for a minute?
John:	बिलकुल, क्या बात है? Sure, what's up?
Sharon:	मैं तुम्हे एक किताब सभा के बारें में बताना चाहती थी जिसमे मैं कुछ महीने पहले भर्ती हुई थी. मैं जानती हूँ कि तुम बहुत पढ़ते हो तो मैंने सोचा कि शायद तुम अगले महीने मेरे साथ आना चाहते हो I wanted to let you know about a book club I joined a couple months ago. I know you do a lot of reading so I thought you might want to come with me next month.
John:	मजेदार मालूम पड़ता है. सभा कब इकट्ठा होती है? Oh, that sounds like fun. When does the group meet?
Sharon:	आमतौर से महीने के आखरी शनिवार को शाम साढ़े नौ बजे. क्या वह तुम्हारे लिए बहुत देर हो जायेगी? Usually the last SaturLesson of the month at 9:30 in the evening. Is that too late for you?
John:	नहीं, मुझे लगता है कि वह ठीक होगा. सभा में आप किसके बारें में बात करते है? No, I think that's ok. What do you talk about in the group?
Sharon:	वैसे, हर महीने हम एक नए किताब को चुनते है और फिर अगली मुलाक़ात में उसकी चर्चा करते है Well, every month we choose a new book and then during the next meeting we discuss it.
John:	अब आप कौन सी किताब पढ़ रहें हैं? What book are you reading now?
Sharon:	दि कईत रन्नर The Kite Runner.
John:	मैंने सुना है कि वह अच्छी किताब है. किसके बारें में है? I've heard that's a good book. What's it about?
Sharon:	वह अच्छी किताब है. मैंने लगभग पूरी कर ली. कहानी एक लड़के के बारें में है जो अफ़घानिस्तान में पलता है १९८० के दौरान. उसको कईत रन्नर कहते है क्योंकि मुख्य पात्र एक पतंग उढाने की प्रतियोगिता में भाग लेता है It is a good book. I'm almost finished. The book is about a boy who grows up in Afghanistan during the 1980s. It's called the Kite Runner because the maincharacter takes part in a kite flying competition.
John:	दिलचस्प मालूम होता है. मैं आना पसन्द करूँगा That sounds really interesting. I'd love to come.
Sharon:	बहुत अच्छे. अगली मुलाक़ात अगले दो हफ्तों तक नहीं है, तो आपके पास फिर भी किताब पढने के लिए वक़्त है Ok, great. The next meeting isn't for another two weeks, so you still have time to read the book.

Geography and direction (भूगोल और दिशा कि बातचीत)

Mandy:	प्रोफ़ेसर, केनडा कहाँ है? Professor, where's Canada?
Professor:	केनडा यहाँ से उत्तर की तरफ है Canada is north of here.
Mandy:	क्या आप नक्षे पर मुझे दिखा सकते है? Can you show me on the map?
Professor:	बिलकुल. यहाँ देखिये. केनडा अमरीका से उतार की तरफ है Sure. Look here. Canada is north of the United States.
Mandy:	अच्छा. मेक्सिको कहाँ है? Oh, I see. Where's Mexico?
Professor:	मेक्सिको अमरीका से दक्षिण की तरफ है Mexico is south of the United States.
Mandy:	और कनेटिकट? वह कहाँ है? How about Connecticut? Where's that?
Professor:	कनेटिकट न्यू यार्क से पूर्व की तरफ है Connecticut is east of New York.
Mandy:	कौन सा राज्य पेन्सिल्वेनिया के पश्चिम की तरफ है? What state is west of Pennsylvania?
Professor:	ओहायो Ohio.
Mandy:	ठीक है, लॉस एंजेलेस कहाँ है? OK, Where's Los Angeles?
Professor:	लॉस एंजेलेस कैलिफोर्निया में है. वह सेन फ्रांसिस्को के दक्षिणपूर्व की तरफ है Los Angeles is in California. It's southeast of San Francisco.
Mandy:	बोस्टन कहाँ है? Where's Boston.
Professor:	बोस्टन देश के उत्तरपूर्व की तरफ है Boston is in the northeast part of the country.
Mandy:	लॉस वेगास कहाँ है? Where is Las Vegas?
Professor:	लॉस वेगास दक्षिणपश्चिम में है Las Vegas is in the southwest.

Finding a convenience store (सुविधा-दुकान ढूंढ़ना कि बातचीत)

Andrew:	पेम, सबसे नज़दीक ATM कहाँ है? Pam, where's the closest ATM?
Pam:	वह उतना दूर नहीं है. क्या आप वहाँ उस पीली इमारत को देख रहे हैं? It's not that far. Do you see that Yellow building over there?
Andrew:	बड़ी वाली या छोटी वाली? The big one or the small one?
Pam:	बड़ी वाली The big one.
Andrew:	हाँ Yes.
Pam:	उसके बिलकुल बगल में है, दायें तरफ It's right next to it, on the right.
Andrew:	क्या आपको पता है की यहाँ आसपास एक सुविधा दुकान है या नहीं? Do you know if there's a convenience store around here?
Pam:	मुझे नहीं लगता की यहाँ आसपास कोई है. सबसे नज़दीक वाला 3rd Street पर है लेकिन वह अब शायद बंद हो गया होगा I don't think there's one around here. The closest one is on 3rd street, but that's probably closed now.
Andrew:	मुझे अवश्य जाने से पहले कुछ चीज़ें लेनी है I really need to get some things before I leave.
Pam:	आप 22nd Street तक जा सकते है. वहाँ बहुत सारे दुकान है जो चौबीस घंटे खुले रहते है Well, you could go down to 22nd street. There are lot of stores down there that are open 24 hours a Lesson.
Andrew:	क्या मैं वहाँ जाने के लिए सबवे ले सकता हूँ? Can I take the subway to get there?
Pam:	हाँ, लेकिन वह शायद आधा घंटा लगेगा. आपको बस एक टैक्सी लेनी चाहिए Yes, but that'll probably take about half an hour. You should just take a cab.
Andrew:	क्या वह महंगी नहीं होगी? Won't that be expensive?
Pam:	नहीं, यहाँ से मुझे लगता है की वह सिर्फ पाँच डॉलर है No, from here I think it's only about 5 dollars.

Do You Want Something to Drink? (क्या आप कुछ पीना चाहते ? कि बातचीत)

Susan:	डेविड, क्या आप कुछ खाना चाहते है? David, would you like something to eat?
David:	नहीं, मुझे भूक नहीं है No, I'm full.
Susan:	क्या आप पीने के लिए कुछ चाहते है? Do you want something to drink?
David:	हाँ, मैं काफ़ी पसंद करूंगा Yes, I'd like some coffee.
Susan:	माफ़ कीजिये, मेरे पास काफ़ी नहीं है Sorry, I don't have any coffee.
David:	कोई बात नहीं. मैं एक गिलास पानी लूँगा That's OK. I'll have a glass of water.
Susan:	एक छोटी गिलास या बड़ी गिलास? A small glass, or a big one?
David:	जी, छोटी Small please.
Susan:	ये लीजिये Here you go.
David:	शुक्रिया Thanks.
Susan:	जी बिलकुल You're welcome.

Choosing a time to meet (मिलने के लिए समय चुनना कि बातचीत)

Charles:	जेनिफर, क्या तुम मेरे साथ रात का खाना खाओगी? Jennifer, would you like to have dinner with me?
Jennifer:	हाँ, वह अच्छा रहेगा. तुम कब जाना चाहते हो? Yes. That would be nice. When do you want to go?
Charles:	क्या आज ठीक रहेगा? Is toLesson OK?
Jennifer:	माफ़ कीजिये. मैं आज नहीं जा पाऊंगी Sorry, I can't go toLesson.
Charles:	कल रात कैसा रहेगा? How about tomorrow night?
Jennifer:	ठीक है. कितने बजे? Ok. What time?
Charles:	क्या रात के नौ बजे ठीक रहेगा? Is 9:00PM all right?
Jennifer:	मुझे लगता है कि वह बहुत देर हो जायेगी I think that's too late.
Charles:	क्या शाम के छ: बजे ठीक रहेगा? Is 6:00PM OK?
Jennifer:	हाँ, वह अच्छा है. आप कहाँ जाना चाहते है? Yes, that's good. Where would you like to go?
Charles:	5th Street पर इटालियन रेस्तौरांत में The Italian restaurant on 5th street.
Jennifer:	ओफो, मुझे वह रेस्तौरांत पसंद नहीं है. मैं वहाँ नहीं जाना चाहती. Oh, I don't like that Restaurant. I don't want to go there.
Charles:	उसके पास वाला कोरियन रेस्तौरांत कैसा रहेगा? How about the Korean restaurant next to it?
Jennifer:	ठीक है, मुझे वह जगह पसंद है OK, I like that place.

SMS and online chat Abbreviations (एसएमएस और ऑनलाइन चैट संक्षिप्त)

Abbreviation	Description
BMW	Be My Wife
BRB	Be Right Back
BRT	Be Right There
BS	Big Smile
BT	Byte This
BTW	By The Way

Smileys Meaning (स्माइलीज अर्थ)

Emotions	Meaning
:#)	Drunk
.\/	Duck
:-6	Eating Something Spicy
:")	Embarrased
:-}	Embarrassed Smile

Common Mistakes To Be Avoided (आम गलतियों को टाला जा सकता)

‘Each’ and ‘every’ are determiners, words that are ‘used with singular nouns to indicate quantity’. There are differences between the two that are important to grasp for usage, though.

1. ‘Each’ is used when there are two objects; here ‘every’ is not used. For example,

• He wore multiple bracelets on each hand (note: singular noun).
• There were two of them. They each carried backpacks, and each backpack (note: singular noun) contained invaluable souvenirs.

In case there are more than two objects, either of the two may be used.

• He wanted each/every item on the catalogue.
• There is a bathroom in each/every room.

2. ‘Each’ can be used as a pronoun, but ‘every’ cannot. Note the difference between the following sentences:

 

• The students were waiting for the question sheets to be handed out. Each was in a state of great nervousness.
• The students were waiting for the question sheets to be handed out. Every student/one of them was in a state of great nervousness.

Clearly, ‘each’ replaces the noun ‘student’. ‘Every’ does not; it requires to be followed by the noun, or by ‘one of them’.

3. With adverbs (practically, nearly, almost, etc), only ‘every’ in used. In the following sentences, ‘every’ cannot be replaced by ‘each’:

• She knew practically every detail of his daily routine.
• Nearly every fruit on the cart was spoilt.

4. ‘Every’ is used to refer to repeated, regular events, as in the following cases:

• We meet every so often
• I get a health check-up done every six months.
• I had to take a water break after every other set.

In the above examples and any similar instances, ‘each’ cannot be used.

English Improving ,Tips of the Lesson (अंग्रेजी में सुधार, दिन की टिप्स)

Oronyms

Oronyms are homophones of multiple words and/or phrases. These are often found in word games. A popular example of this can be found in "I scream" and "ice cream," which are used in the popular song lyric "I scream. You scream. We all scream for ice cream." Another example of this can be found in the popular internet phrase "Real eyes realize real lies."

Capitonyms

Capitonyms are types of homophones that mean something completely different when you capitalize the first letter of the word. A great example of this is found in the words "polish" and "Polish." "Polish" is a type of nationality, whereas "polish" means to make something shiny. An example of how these words could be used in a sentence is: "The Polish family across the street enjoys polishing their silverware before they have guests over for company." Of course, if the word "polish" is the first word of a sentence, it still needs to be capitalized, so context would be needed to separate the two. 

With so many variations on similar words, it's no wonder that the English language can be so difficult to master if you are not already a native speaker. It can be difficult to keep straight which words you mean to say, and also which words you mean to spell. The best way to secure an understanding is simply to practice. It is important to be sure of which word it is that you want to use exactly so as to avoid possible difficulties that can arise from a misunderstanding.

Persuasive Examples

Persuasion is the art of influencing others. Whether you are explaining why something is positive or negative or getting others to look at a point of view differently, you are using persuasion. Consider this example, which will be used throughout this article: your school wants to have a fundraiser to replace the equipment at the local playground. The school has narrowed down the fundraiser choices to three activities: going door to door selling candy, having a block party, or selling coupon books. You will need to write a persuasive essay about which fundraiser to choose. The points listed below utilize the example to illustrate tips and tricks that you can apply to any persuasive essay to enhance your writing skills.

Organize Your Ideas

You know what your argument is and you have plenty of ideas for it. You need to organize your thoughts and ideas in a manner that will be consistent and flow together well. After doing some research into the three fundraiser types, you believe having a block party would be the best idea and raise the most money. To effectively persuade the rest of the school, your essay needs to be organized in the proper order. For example, your introductory paragraph should outline what fundraiser you believe the school should choose. The body should explain why they should choose it and why they should not choose the other options. The conclusion should reiterate your points and remind readers why the chosen option is best.

Gather Evidence to Back Up Your Argument

Now that you know in what order you should write your essay, you need to gather evidence that shows your choice is correct. This should include statistics of previous fundraisers using the same options, statements from neighbors stating what they would like, and other proof that your choice will raise the most money. Use the evidence in the corresponding paragraphs.