Quote of the Lesson (दिन के उद्धरण)

    “To think is easy. To act is hard. But the hardest thing in the world is to act in accordance with your thinking.”

    “सोचना आसान होता है। कर्म करना कठिन होता है। लेकिन दुनिया में सबसे कठिन कार्य अपनी सोच के अनुसार काम करना होता है।”

    “Someone's sitting in the shade toLesson because someone planted a tree a long time ago.”

    “कोई आज छाया में इसलिए बैठा हुआ है क्योंकि किसी ने काफी समय पहले एक पौधा लगाया था।”

    “Do not confuse motion and progress. A rocking horse keeps moving but does not make any progress.”

    “गति और प्रगति में संदेह न करें। कोल्हू के बैल दिन भर चलते हैं लेकिन कोई प्रगति नहीं करते है।”

    “Having once decided to achieve a certain task, achieve it at all costs of tedium and distaste. The gain in self-confidence of having accomplished a tiresome labor is immense.”

    “एक बार किसी कार्य को करने का लक्ष्य निर्धारित कर लेने के बाद, इसे हर कीमत तथा कठिनाई की लागत पर पूरा करें। किसी कठिन कार्य को करने से उत्पन्न आत्म विश्वास अभूतपूर्व होता है।”

    “If you have built castles in the air, your work need not be lost; that is where they should be. Now put the foundations under them.”

    “यदि आपने हवाई किलों का निर्माण किया है तो आपका कार्य बेकार नहीं जाना चाहिए, हवाई किले हवा में ही बनाए जाते हैं। अब, उनके नीचे नींव रखने का कार्य करें।”

Fruits Name (फलों के नाम)

Grape fruit	मौसमी
Orange	संतरा
Peach	आडू
Papaya	पपीता
Pistachio	पिस्ता

Vegetable Name (सब्जियों के नाम)

Lettuce	सलाद
Luffa	तुरई
Pea	मटर
Pumpkin	लौकी / कद्दू
Red pumpkin	कद्दू

Technical word (तकनीकी शब्द)

Karnaugh map (K-map)
A Karnaugh map (K-map) is a pictorial method used to minimize Boolean expressions without having to use Boolean algebra theorems and equation manipulations. A K-map can be thought of as a special version of a truth table .
Using a K-map, expressions with two to four variables are easily minimized. Expressions with five to six variables are more difficult but achievable, and expressions with seven or more variables are extremely difficult (if not impossible) to minimize using a K-map.

K56flex
Rockwell Corporation's K56flex modem chipset gave users the capability to receive data on ordinary phone lines at 56 Kbps (thousand bits per second). K56flex was similar in capability to US Robotics' x2 modem and transmission technology. K56flex and X2 contributed to and were replaced by the ITU-TS V.90 standard. Modems built with K56flex can be upgraded to the V.90 standard by getting a software update from the modem manufacturer. (Note that Rockwell does not build modems itself, but only the chipsets for them.) Conexant, a Rockwell subsidiary compnay, now builds V.90 chipsets.
56 Kbps transmission technologies exploit the fact that most telephone company offices are interconnected with digital lines. Assuming your Internet connection provider has a digital connection to its telephone company office, the downstream traffic from your local Internet access provider can use a new transmission technique on your regular twisted pair phone line that bypasses the usual digital-to-analog conversion. A K56flex (or V.90) modem doesn't need to demodulate the downstream data. Instead, it decodes a stream of multi-bit voltage pulses generated as though the line was equipped for digital information. (Upstream data still requires digital-to-analog modulation.) .

kanban
Kanban is a visual signal that’s used to trigger an action. The word kanban is Japanese. Roughly translated, it means “card you can see.”
Toyota introduced and refined the use of kanban in a relay system to standardize the flow of parts in their production lines in the 1950s. Kanban was one of several tools Toyota developed to ensure that inventory was based on actual customer orders rather than managerial forecasts. (See lean production.) Kanban starts with the customer’s order and follows production downstream. Because all requests for parts are pulled from the order, kanban is sometimes referred to as a "pull" system.

Keiretsu
In corporate culture, keiretsu refers to a uniquely Japanese form of corporate organization. A keiretsu is a grouping or family of affiliated companies that form a tight-knit alliance to work toward each other's mutual success. The keiretsu system is also based on an intimate partnership between government and businesses. It can best be understood as the intricate web of relationships that links banks, manufacturers, suppliers, and distributors with the Japanese government.

Keitai
Keitai (pronounced k-tie) is a Japanese word meaning "portable." In current usage, the term is short for "keitai denwa" (portable telephones) and refers, in general, to cellular telephone sets and their associated hardware, programming, and services.

Kerberos
Kerberos is a secure method for authenticating a request for a service in a computer network. Kerberos was developed in the Athena Project at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). The name is taken from Greek mythology; Kerberos was a three-headed dog who guarded the gates of Hades. Kerberos lets a user request an encrypted "ticket" from an authentication process that can then be used to request a particular service from a server. The user's password does not have to pass through the network. A version of Kerberos (client and server) can be downloaded from MIT or you can buy a commercial version.

Kermit
Kermit is a popular file transfer and management protocol and suite of communications software programs with advantages over existing Internet protocols such as File Transfer Protocol and Telnet. It is freeware, developed and maintained by members of the Kermit Project at Columbia University. (However, you're invited to purchase shrink-wrapped versions and/or the manuals to help support the project.) The Kermit protocol is described as "fast, robust, extensible, tunable, and medium-independent." In addition to the protocol support, the Kermit suite includes terminal emulation, character-set translation, and scripting. The suite can be installed on almost any operating system, including Windows, UNIX, DOS, VMS, OS/2, and a number of mainframe operating systems. Most versions support both direct or dialed serial connections (with a modem) and network connections (Telnet and often others such as Rlogin, LAT, or X.25).

Kernel
The kernel is the essential center of a computer operating system, the core that provides basic services for all other parts of the operating system. A synonym is nucleus. A kernel can be contrasted with a shell, the outermost part of an operating system that interacts with user commands. Kernel and shell are terms used more frequently in Unix operating systems than in IBM mainframe or Microsoft Windows systems.
Typically, a kernel (or any comparable center of an operating system) includes an interrupt handler that handles all requests or completed I/O operations that compete for the kernel's services, a scheduler that determines which programs share the kernel's processing time in what order, and a supervisor that actually gives use of the computer to each process when it is scheduled. A kernel may also include a manager of the operating system's address spaces in memory or storage, sharing these among all components and other users of the kernel's services. A kernel's services are requested by other parts of the operating system or by application programs through a specified set of program interfaces sometimes known as system calls.

Key chain
A key chain is a series of keys that can be created to help ensure secure communication between routers in a network. Authentication occurs whenever neighboring routers exchange information. Plain text authentication sends a plain text key with each message, and plain text is vulnerable to snooping. Key chains allow a rotating series of keys to be used for limited periods of time to decrease the likelihood of a compromise.

Keyboard
On most computers, a keyboard is the primary text input device. (The mouse is also a primary input device but lacks the ability to easily transmit textual information.) The keyboard also contains certain standard function keys, such as the Escape key, tab and cursor movement keys, shift and control keys, and sometimes other manufacturer-customized keys.

Keyboard shortcut
A keyboard shortcut is a combination of keys that, when pressed simultaneously, perform some task that ordinarily requires use of a mouse or other input device and may take longer to do. In Windows XP , for example, pressing Control-Alt-Delete will bring up the task manager utility for application and system monitoring and control. Other popular keyboard shortcuts include Control-C (copy), Control-P (print), Control-V (paste), Control-X (cut), and Control-Z (undo).

Keyboard wedge (KBW)
A keyboard wedge can be either a software program or an inserted hardware device that translates digital signals from a barcode reader or magnetic strip reader ( MSR ) into keyboard strokes for a computer. The software form of a keyboard wedge intercepts the dignal signals from the reader when they arrive at the computer and instantly translates them into keyboard strokes. The hardware form of a keyboard wedge inserts the translation device between the reader and the keyboard. Data sent through a wedge appears as if it was typed into the computer, while the keyboard itself remains fully functional. Because a computer using a keyboard wedge can't tell the difference between data that is entered by a scanning device, or data that is entered by keyboard typing, a wedge can be used to easily add barcode reading capability to an existing computer without modifying software applications.

Keyphone
Commonly used by a company within its private automatic branch exchange (PABX) telephone system, a keyphone (abbreviated as K/P, sometimes called a key station) is a telephone with the extra buttons and the intelligence to allow incoming calls to be transferred to other extensions. Extra lights, either on the phone console or in the handset, indicate the status of lines and extensions; extra keys facilitate connections between extensions and external lines. Analog, digital, and Internet-enabled versions of keyphones are available.

Kickstand
A kickstand, in a computing context, is an accessory or an attachment that props up a mobile device up so it stands and the user doesn't have to hold it. Kickstands may be standalone products, part of a case or part of the device itself. Several iPad cases function as kickstands. Microsoft's Surface tablet has an attached kickstand.

Vocabulary (शब्द संग्रह)

Word	Meaning	अर्थ
Autocracy	A Government by one	तानाशाही
Autograph	Getting signature of some important person in his handwriting	हस्ताक्षर
Avaricious	Of a person extremely desirous of money	लालची
Bachelorhood	State of being unmarried	कुंवारापन
Bankrupt	One who can’t pay the debts.	दिवालिया

Spice/utensils/Food Grains (स्पाइस / बर्तन / अनाज)

सफेद मिर्च	white pepper
मसूर	lentil
पीली दाल	yellow lentil
दाल	pulses

Antonyms and Synonyms (विलोम और समानार्थक)

Synonyms (समानार्थक)

Fair - Unbiased	मेला - निष्पक्ष
False - Untrue	झूठी - झूठ
Famous - Renowned	प्रसिद्ध - प्रसिद्ध
Fantastic - Great	बढ़िया - बढ़िया
Fast - Quick	फास्ट - त्वरित

ToLesson Proverbs (आज नीतिवचन)

Idioms :  All that glitters is not gold.

Idioms : You cannot live in Rome and fight with the Pope.

Idioms :  Tit for tat.

Important Words (महत्वपूर्ण शब्द)

ball	गेंद
banana	केला
bank	बैंक
bar	बार
basket	थैला
basketball	बास्केटबाल
bathe	नहाना

Buying a shirt (कमीज़ खरीदना कि बातचीत)

Dan:	माफ़ कीजिये Excuse me.
Maria:	नमस्ते श्रीमान, क्या मैं आपकी मदद कर सकता हूँ? Hello sir, may I help you?
Dan:	जी हाँ, क्या मैं उस ऊपर वाले अलमीरह का कमीज़ देख सकता हूँ? Yes. Can I see that shirt on the top shelf please?
Maria:	बिलकुल. यह लीजिये. Sure. Here it is.
Dan:	इसकी क्या कीमत है? How much does it cost?
Maria:	पचास डॉलर 50 dollars.
Dan:	पचास डॉलर. वह तो बहुत ज्यादा है 50 dollars. That's too much.
Maria:	यह कैसा रहेगा? यह सेल पर है सिर्फ पैंतीस डॉलर के लिए. How about this one? It's on sale for only 35 dollars.
Dan:	मुझे वह पसंद नहीं है. I don't like that one.
Maria:	काले दस्तानों के पास वाला कैसा रहेगा? वह आपके पसंद के कमीज़ से बहुत मेल खाता है How about the one next to the black gloves? It's very similar to the one you like.
Dan:	वह अच्छा है. वह कितने की है? That's nice. How much is it?
Maria:	तीस डॉलर 30 dollars.
Dan:	वह ठीक है That'll be fine.
Maria:	क्या यह रंग ठीक है या आप अलग रंग पसंद करेंगे? Is this color OK, or would you like a different color?
Dan:	वह नीला वाला ठीक रहेगा That blue one's fine.
Maria:	क्या आपको इसके जैसे और कमीज़ चाहिए? Do you need any more of these shirts?
Dan:	हाँ Yes.
Maria:	आपको कितने चाहिए? How many do you want?
Dan:	मैं और दो लूँगा - एक लाल वाला और एक सफ़ेद वाला I'll take two more, a red one and a white one.

Checking into a hotel. (होटल में आना कि बातचीत)

Receptionist:	गुड ईविनिंग Good evening.
Jim:	नमस्ते. क्या आज रात को आप के पास कोई कमरा खाली है? Hi. Do you have any vacancies tonight?
Receptionist:	हाँ. किराया ५५ डॉलर है Yes. The rate is 55 dollars.
Jim:	क्या कमरों में इन्टरनेट है? Do the rooms have internet access?
Receptionist:	हमारे पार वायरलेस है. अगर आपके पास कंप्यूटर है, तो और ५ डॉलर के लिए आप वायरलेस का इस्तेमाल कर सकते है We have wireless. If you have a computer you can use the wireless network for an additional 5 dollars.
Jim:	ठीक है. मैं एक कमरा चाहता हूँ OK, I'd like a room please.
Receptionist:	क्या आप धूम्रपान कमरा या धूम्रपान-निषेद कमरा चाहते है? Would you like a smoking or a non-smoking room?
Jim:	धूम्रपान-निषेद Non-smoking.
Receptionist:	आप रखम कैसे अदा करेंगे? How will you be paying?
Jim:	वीसा. यह लीजिये Visa. Here you are.
Receptionist:	कितने लोग? How many people?
Jim:	दो Two.
Receptionist:	क्या आप किंग साइज़ पलंग चाहते है या दो डबल पलंग? Would you like a king size bed or two double beds?
Jim:	किंग साइज़ King size please.
Receptionist:	आप कमरा नंबर २३७ में है. वह दूसरी मंजिल पर है. यह लीजिये आपकी चाबी. कृपया यहाँ दस्तकत कीजिये You're in room 237. It's on the second floor. Here's your key. Sign here please.
Jim:	चेक्कोउट कितने बजे है? What time is checkout?
Receptionist:	साढ़े ग्यारह बजे 11:30AM

Sending a package (सामान भेजना कि बातचीत)

Cathy:	नमस्ते, मैं आपकी क्या मदद कर सकती हूँ? Hello, how may I help you?
Alex:	मैं यह पार्सल कैलिफोर्निया भेजना चाहता हूँ I'd like to send this package to California.
Cathy:	क्या आप इसको ओवर नैट से या साधा डाक से भेजना चाहते है? Would you like to send it overnight or by regular mail?
Alex:	ओवर नैट से भेजने के लिए कितना है? How much is it to send it overnight?
Cathy:	२० डॉलर 20 dollars
Alex:	और साधा डाक से? And by regular mail?
Cathy:	१२ डॉलर 12 dollars.
Alex:	मैं चाहता हूँ कि यह कल वहाँ पहुँचे I'd like it to get there tomorrow.
Cathy:	कृपया यह अर्जी भर दीजिये. जब आपने पूरा कर दिया, तो इस खिड़की पर आईये Please fill out this form. When you're finished, come back to this window.
Alex:	ठीक है. मैंने पूरा कर दिया. क्या यह सही है? OK, I think I'm done, is this correct?
Cathy:	हाँ, वह सही है. Yes, that's right.
Alex:	मैं यह चिट्टी भी भेजना चाहता हूँ I'd also like to mail this letter.
Cathy:	क्या आपको स्टैम्प्स खरीदने है? Do you need to buy stamps?
Alex:	हाँ Yes.
Cathy:	स्टैम्प्स की एक किताब की कीमत ३ डॉलर है. तो सब मिलाकर २३ डॉलर हुए है A book of stamps costs 3 dollars. So that'll be 23 dollars for everything.
Alex:	मैं अपना बटुआ अपनी गाडी में भूल आया. मैं अभी वापस आता हूँ Oh, I forgot my wallet in the car. I'll be right back.

I have allergies (मुझे चिढ़ है कि बातचीत)

Beth:	पैट्रिक, तुमने कल रात मुझे फोन क्यों नहीं किया? मैं तुम्हारे बारें में चिन्तित थी Patrick, why didn't you call me last night? I was worried about you.
Patrick:	माफ़ करना, मैं बीमार था. मैं जल्दी सो गया था Sorry, I was sick. I went to bed early.
Beth:	क्या हुआ? What's wrong?
Patrick:	मुझे खांसी थी और मेरी आँखें बहुत सूखी हो गयीं थीं I had a cough and my eyes were really dry.
Beth:	क्या अब तुम बेहतर हो? Are you better now?
Patrick:	हाँ, अब मैं ज्यादा बेहतर महसूस कर रहा हूँ. कल से बहुत बेहतर Yes, I'm feeling a lot better. Much better than yesterLesson.
Beth:	क्या आपको किसी चीज़ से चिढ है? Do you have allergies?
Patrick:	हाँ. पिछली बार जब मैं डॉक्टर के पास गया था, उन्होंने कुछ परीक्षा की थी और बताया कि मुझे कुछ चीज़ों से चिढ़ है. बहार में वे और भी बत्तर हो जाते हैं Yes. Last time I went to the doctor, he did some tests and told me I have allergies. It gets worse in the spring.
Beth:	आज सुबह तुम कितने बजे उठे थे? What time did you wake up this morning?
Patrick:	साढे नौ बजे के आस-पास Around 9:30AM.
Beth:	क्या आज तुम काम पर जा रहे हो? Are you going to work toLesson?
Patrick:	नहीं. मुझे लगता है कि मैं बस घर पर रहूँगा और टीवी देखूँगा. मैं आज घर से काम कर सकता हूँ No. I think I'll just stay home and watch TV. I can work from home toLesson.
Beth:	अच्छी बात है. थोड़ा आराम करो और बाद में मैं थोडा खाना ले आऊँगी Good. Get some rest and I'll bring over some food later.
Patrick:	शुक्रिया Thanks.

Josh works at a software company (जोश एक सॉफ्टवेर कंपनी में काम करता है कि बातचीत)

Josh:	नमस्ते रेचल Hi Rachel!
Rachel:	नमस्ते जोश. आपसे मिलकर काफी समय हो गया है. अभी आप कहाँ काम कर रहे है? Hi Josh! It's been a long time. Where are you working now?
Josh:	मैं डाउन टाऊन में एक सॉफ्टवेर कंपनी में कम करता हूँ. मैं इंजिनियर हूँ I work at a software company downtown. I'm an engineer.
Rachel:	दिलचस्प. आप किस किसम का सॉफ्टवेर लिखते है? That's interesting. What kind of software do you write?
Josh:	वह छोटी कंपनियों के लिए डेटाबेस है It's a database for small businesses.
Rachel:	क्या आपकी कंपनी की वेबसाइट है? Does your company have a website?
Josh:	हाँ Yes.
Rachel:	वेबसाइट का पता क्या है? What's the website address?
Josh:	www.sun.com www.sun.com
Rachel:	मुझे सॉफ्टवेर कैसे मिल सकता है? How can I get the software?
Josh:	आप उसको वेबसाइट से डाउनलोड कर सकती है. वह बहुत लोकप्रिय और मुफ्त है You can download it from the website. It's very popular and it's free.
Rachel:	ठीक है. मैं वह करूँगी. मुझे अब जाना है. आपसे फिर मिलकर बहुत अच्छा लगा OK, I'll do that. I have to go now. It was really nice seeing you again.
Josh:	आपसे भी मिलकर अच्छा लगा. अगले हफ्ते मुझे ई-मैल कीजिये और हम काफ़ी के लिए मिलते हैं It was nice seeing you too. Email me next week and we'll get together for coffee.
Rachel:	मेरा कंप्यूटर टूटा हुआ है तो मैं अभी ई-मैल नहीं भेज सकती. क्या मैं आपको फोन कर सकती हूँ? My computer is broken so I can't send email right now. Can I call you?
Josh:	बिलकुल, मेरा नंबर है २३३-२८८-२३२८ Sure, my number is 233-288-2328.

SMS and online chat Abbreviations (एसएमएस और ऑनलाइन चैट संक्षिप्त)

Abbreviation	Description
CTN	Can't Talk Now
CU	See You
CUL	See You Later
CUL8ER	See You Later
CUL8R	See You Later
CUL8TR	See you later

Smileys Meaning (स्माइलीज अर्थ)

Emotions	Meaning
{:-)	Hair Parted in the Middle
}:-)	Hair Parted in the Middle Sticking up on Sides
%-)	Happy Drunk
:-'	Has a Dimple
:%)%	Has Acne

Common Mistakes To Be Avoided (आम गलतियों को टाला जा सकता)

It is important to grasp the meanings and difference between ‘either’ and ‘neither’ so that we don’t get confused between the two. Both words can be used as pronoun, conjunction and adjective; however, the use of ‘either’ is considered positive, while the use of ‘neither’ is considered negative.

As adjective:

‘Either’ indicates one or the other, or both. For example:

You may use either hand for the purpose. = You may use your right or left hand for the purpose.

There were tall houses on either side of the river. = There were tall houses on both sides of the river.

‘Neither’ indicates not one or the other; none of the two. For example;

Neither twin was invited to the wedding. = None of the twins was invited to the wedding.

As pronoun:

‘Either’ indicates one or the other. For example:

Both buses are headed in that direction, you can get on either. = Both buses are headed in that direction, you can get on one or the other.

‘Neither’ indicates not one or the other. For example:

Both pups were pure-breed, but neither displayed the characteristic traits of its breed. = Both pups were pure-breed, but not one or the other displayed the characteristic traits of its breed.

As conjunction:

‘Either’ is used with ‘or’ to imply a choice of alternatives. For example:

You can either play on the computer or watch TV. = You can do one of two things: play on the computer or watch TV.

‘Neither’ is used with ‘nor’ to negate both parts of a statement. For example:

I can neither play on the computer nor watch TV. = I cannot play on the computer or watch TV.

‘Either’ is also used as an adverb, to mean ‘also’, following negative expressions. For example:

If you don’t go, I won’t go either. = If you stay, I will stay also.

‘Neither’, on the other hand, is not used as an adverb.

English Improving ,Tips of the Lesson (अंग्रेजी में सुधार, दिन की टिप्स)

Examine the Sentence Length

When choosing whether to use the indicative mood, look at the length of your sentence. Because sentences using the indicative mood state facts and opinions, they tend to be shorter than other types of sentences. Subjunctive sentences, for instance, tend to use dependent clauses more often than do indicative sentences. However, sentence length is not a certain sign of whether you should use the indicative mood.

Look for Signal Words

A somewhat more dependable way to tell whether you should use the indicative mood is to see whether any signal words are necessary to construct your sentence. These signal words will indicate that the subjunctive mood instead of the indicative mood should be used. For instance, the phrase "if...then" indicates the kind of uncertainty that requires the subjunctive mood, as does the use of "if" or "as if." Other signals words include "wish" or "desire," "suggest," or any other word that indicates a possibility or desire. If you are using any of these words in your sentence, you should not use the indicative mood.

See if Your Sentence Communicates a Question

Consider what you are communicating in your sentence. If you are writing a question, you should always use the indicative mood. Therefore, use this mood whenever an inquiry is being made. This may seem like a contradictory usage to the statements of fact or opinion discussed above. However, the indicative mood is by far the most commonly used mood in English, and covers a wide range of straightforward statements.

Communicates a Fact or Opinion

You can tell that the indicative mood is necessary if you are stating facts or expressing opinions. Therefore, the indicative mood is used whenever the speaker is conveying a sense of certainty regarding what they are saying. Choose the indicative mood if you want to convey something that is objectively true, or that is believed to be objectively true. Note that the statement does not have to be true. For instance, if your speaker is stating an opinion that is incorrect, you would still use the indicative mood, because the speaker believes his or her opinion is true. 

The indicative mood is an extremely common way of expressing the attitude of the speaker in a sentence. However, it may at times be difficult to determine whether you ought to use the indicative mood or some other mood in your writing. Being familiar with what the indicative mood conveys, as well as learning a few tricks for identifying sentences that should use the indicative mood, you can become more confident in your writing. Use the tips above to more easily identify when you should use the indicative mood in your writing.