Technical word (तकनीकी शब्द)
FaceTime FaceTime is an Apple application that allows
users to video chat over the Internet. Apple FaceTime runs on iOS
devices with front-facing cameras; each chat participant must have
FaceTime installed.
The FaceTime app comes pre-loaded on iOS
devices and with all OS X versions starting with Lion. Mac users
running older versions of OS X can download FaceTime from the Mac
App Store for $0.99.
facial recognition
Facial recognition (or face recognition) is a type of biometric
software application that can identify a specific individual in a
digital image by analyzing and comparing patterns.
Facial
recognition systems are commonly used for security purposes but are
increasingly being used in a variety of other applications. The
Kinect motion gaming system, for example, uses facial recognition to
differentiate among players.
failback
Failback is the process of restoring operations to a primary machine
or facility after they have been shifted to a secondary machine or
facility during failover.
During a site-wide failover, I/O
(input/output) and its processes are shifted from a primary location
to a temporary disaster recovery (DR) location. The process
temporarily halts I/O and restarts it from a remote location. Any
data copying and mirroring activity from primary location to the
secondary location will be suspended and applications and I/O will
be brought up from the secondary location. Any changes to data are
tracked so that the original location can be restored by replicating
the data between the start and end of the DR event. During the
actual failback, data is re-synchronized -- halting I/O and
application activity once again -- before operations are restored to
the original location.
failover
Failover is a backup operational mode in which the functions of a
system component (such as a processor, server, network, or database,
for example) are assumed by secondary system components when the
primary component becomes unavailable through either failure or
scheduled down time. Used to make systems more fault-tolerant,
failover is typically an integral part of mission-critical systems
that must be constantly available. The procedure involves
automatically offloading tasks to a standby system component so that
the procedure is as seamless as possible to the end user. Failover
can apply to any aspect of a system
within an personal
computer, for example, failover might be a mechanism to protect
against a failed processor; within a network, failover can apply to
any network component or system of components, such as a connection
path, storage device, or Web server.
fair use
Fair use is a legal concept that allows the reproduction of
copyrighted material for certain purposes without obtaining
permission and without paying a fee or royalty. Purposes permitting
the application of fair use generally include review, news
reporting, teaching, or scholarly research. The idea of fair use
originally arose for written works. But with the advent of digital
technology and the Internet, fair use has sometimes been applied to
the redistribution of musical works, photographs, videos, and
computer programs.
The limits of fair use are not always
clear. Fair use may (but does not always) include the reproduction
of a song or photograph to give to a single relative or friend as a
gift. If you intend to make a profit by reproducing and reselling a
copyrighted work or part thereof, that does not normally constitute
fair use. Other factors include the size or extent of the passage or
material reproduced, the length of time for which the material will
be used, the number of copies of the reproduced work that will be
distributed, and the effect of the use on the market value of the
original copyrighted work.
FairPlay
FairPlay is a digital rights management (DRM) program from Apple.
Originally, Apple used FairPlay to protect music and other media
files sold in their iTunes store but in April 2007, Apple announced
a partnership with EMI, a major record company, to offer EMI content
for sale in the iTunes store without FairPlay encryption. This move
followed an open letter from Apple CEO Steve Jobs urging major
production studios to drop DRM requirements from digital media
distribution. Now Apple uses FairPlay to protect the intellectual
property of developers who create iPhone applications (apps.)
false acceptance (type II error) False
acceptance, also called a type II error, is a mistake occasionally
made by biometric security systems. In an instance of false
acceptance, an unauthorized person is identified as an authorized
person.
Obviously, false acceptance is an undesirable event.
One of the most important specifications in any biometric system is
the false acceptance rate (FAR). The FAR is defined as the
percentage of identification instances in which false acceptance
occurs. This can be expressed as a probability. For example, if the
FAR is 0.1 percent, it means that on the average, one out of every
1000 impostors attempting to breach the system will be successful.
Stated another way, it means that the probability of an unauthorized
person being identified an an authorized person is 0.1 percent.
fan-in Fan-in is a term that defines the
maximum number of digital inputs that a single logic gate can
accept. Most transistor-transistor logic ( TTL ) gates have one or
two inputs, although some have more than two. A typical logic gate
has a fan-in of 1 or 2.
In some digital systems, it is
necessary for a single TTL logic gate to drive several devices with
fan-in numbers greater than 1. If the total number of inputs a
transistor-transistor logic (TTL) device must drive is greater than
10, a device called a buffer can be used between the TTL gate output
and the inputs of the devices it must drive. A logical inverter
(also called a NOT gate) can serve this function in most digital
circuits.
fan-out Fan-out is a term
that defines the maximum number of digital inputs that the output of
a single logic gate can feed. Most transistor-transistor logic ( TTL
) gates can feed up to 10 other digital gates or devices. Thus, a
typical TTL gate has a fan-out of 10.
In some digital
systems, it is necessary for a single TTL logic gate to drive more
than 10 other gates or devices. When this is the case, a device
called a buffer can be used between the TTL gate and the multiple
devices it must drive. A buffer of this type has a fan-out of 25 to
30. A logical inverter (also called a NOT gate) can serve this
function in most digital circuits.
FaraLesson
cage A FaraLesson cage is a metallic enclosure that prevents
the entry or escape of an electromagnetic field (EM field). An ideal
FaraLesson cage consists of an unbroken, perfectly conducting shell.
This ideal cannot be achieved in practice, but can be approached by
using fine-mesh copper screening. For best performance, the cage
should be directly connected to an earth ground.
FaraLesson
cages are used in electronic labs where stray EM fields must be kept
out. This is important in the testing of sensitive wireless
receiving equipment. In addition, a FaraLesson cage can prevent the
escape of the EM fields emitted by a cathode-ray-tube (CRT) computer
monitor. Such fields can be intercepted and translated to allow
hackers to remotely view on-screen data in real time without the
need for wires, cables, or cameras. This practice, known as van Eck
phreaking, can also be used by government officials to view the
computer activities of known criminals and certain criminal
suspects.
Fast Infoset (FI) Fast
Infoset (FI) is a standard that can serve as an alternative to XML
(Extensible Markup Language) document formatting. The FI
specification, which was approved by the ITU (International
Telecommunication Union) in May 2005 and published in March 2007, is
designed to provide more efficient serialization than XML.
E-ZPass E-ZPass is a toll collection system in the
northeastern U.S. that uses RFID technology to allow a driver to
pass through a tollbooth and pay the toll without stopping the
vehicle. Typically, the driver pre-pays a month of access tolls and
is issued a transponder (a tag about the size of a deck of cards)
that gets mounted on the inside of the windshield. When approaching
a toll, the E-ZPass driver passes through a special booth that has
an antenna. The antenna emits a radio frequency (RF) field that
activates the driver's transponder, which in turn, sends back
information about the driver's account to the antenna. The toll
is then deducted from the driver's pre-paid account. E-Z Pass
significantly cuts down on labor costs for toll collection and keeps
the lines of traffic moving faster.
fat Mac
A fat Mac application is an application program for the Macintosh
computer that is compiled to run on either a Mac containing the
Motorola 68000 series microprocessor or the microprocessor. The
68000 series is the traditional Macintosh microprocessor. The more
recent and faster PowerPC microprocessor was developed by Apple,
IBM, and Motorola to rival or exceed the Intel microprocessor series
used in PC s. A fat Mac library is one that contains library
routines (program code) that will run with either microprocessor.
fatal exception In a computer error message, a
fatal exception indicates an exceptional situation requiring that
the program responsible for the situation be closed.
In
general, an exception is any uncontemplated situation (which
includes but is not limited to program errors). A fatal exception
simply means the exception can't really be handled so that the
program can continue to run.
FDDI
Stands for "Fiber Distributed Data Interface." FDDI is a
group of networking specifications standardized by ANSI in the
mid-1980s. An FDDI network supports data transfer speeds of 100 Mbps
over a fiber-optic cable and uses a rotating token to define which
system can send data at any given time.
FDDI networks are
comprised of two physical paths, or "rings," that transfer
data in opposite directions. The primary ring carries data between
systems, while the secondary ring is used for redundancy. If a
system on the network causes an interruption in the primary data
path, the secondary ring is used until the primary ring is
functional again. A variation of FDDI, called FDDI Full Duplex
Technology (FFDT), uses the secondary ring as an additional primary
channel. This type of FDDI network has no redundancy, but supports
data transfer rates up to 200 Mbps.
FIFO
Stands for "First In, First Out." FIFO is a method of
processing and retrieving data. In a FIFO system, the first items
entered are the first ones to be removed. In other words, the items
are removed in the same order they are entered.
To use a real
world analogy, imagine a vending machine where the items are loaded
from the back. When someone selects a Milky Way bar from row E5, the
machine churns out the candy bar closest to the front. The next
Milky Way in line then moves to the front. Therefore, using the FIFO
method, the candy bars are dispensed in the order they were placed
in the machine.
File System Most people
have several thousand files on their computer's hard disk, so
imagine how hard it would be to find anything if the files were not
organized. Fortunately, all hard disks use a file system, which
organizes all the files on the disk. The file system is created when
you initialize or format your hard disk. It sets up the root
directory and subsequent directories beneath it. The file system
allows you to create new files and folders, which are added to
different parts of the "file tree" on your hard disk.
Floating Point As the name implies, floating
point numbers are numbers that contain floating decimal points. For
example, the numbers 5.5, 0.001, and -2,345.6789 are floating point
numbers. Numbers that do not have decimal places are called
integers.
Computers recognize real numbers that contain
fractions as floating point numbers. When a calculation includes a
floating point number, it is called a "floating point
calculation." Older computers used to have a separate floating
point unit (FPU) that handled these calculations, but now the FPU is
typically built into the computer's CPU.
FLOPS
Stands for "Floating Point Operations Per Second." FLOPS
are typically used to measure the performance of a computer's
processor. While clock speed, which is measured in megahertz, is
often seen as an indicator or a processor's speed, it does not
define how many calculations a processor can perform per second.
Therefore, FLOPS is a more raw method of measuring a processor's
processing speed.
Still, a FLOPS reading only measures
floating point calculations and not integer operations. Therefore,
while FLOPS can accurately measure a processor's floating point
unit (FPU), it is not a comprehensive measurement of a
processor's performance. In order to accurately gauge the
processing capabilities of a CPU, multiple types of tests must be
run.
Flowchart A flowchart is a diagram
that describes a process or operation. It includes multiple steps,
which the process "flows" through from start to finish.
Common uses for flowcharts include developing business plans,
defining troubleshooting steps, and designing mathematical
algorithms. Some flowcharts may only include a few steps, while
others can be highly complex, containing hundreds of possible
outcomes.
Flowcharts typically use standard symbols to
represent different stages or actions within the chart. For example,
each step is shown within a rectangle, while each decision is
displayed in a diamond. Arrows are placed between the different
symbols to show the direction the process is flowing. While
flowcharts can be created with a pen and paper, there are several
software programs available that make designing flowcharts
especially easy. Common programs that can be used to create
flowcharts include SmartDraw and Visio for Windows and OmniGraffle
for the Mac.
Font A font is a specific
typeface of a certain size and style. For example, one font may be
Arial 12 pt bold, while another font may be Times New Roman 14 pt
italic. Most word processing programs have a Font menu that allows
you to choose the typeface, size, and style of the text. In order to
use a font, you must have it installed on your computer. Windows
provides access to fonts using the Fonts control panel. The Mac OS
stores fonts in a Fonts folder and includes a separate "Font
Book" application for managing fonts
Footer
The term "footer" has many uses in the computer world.
However, the two most common are 1) a document footer, and 2) a
webpage footer.
Format The term
"format" has several meanings, related to 1) disk
formatting, 2) page formatting, and 3) file formats.
Formula The term "fomula" has several
different meanings, depending on the field in which the term is
used. In mathematics, a formula is a mathematical relationship
expressed using numbers and symbols. In chemistry, a formula may be
used to define the atoms that make up a chemical compound. In
computing, a formula is simply a calculation that is performed on
one or more variables.
Functions within computer programs
often contain formulas. These formulas are used to process data that
is passed through the function and output the result. For example, a
basic formula might convert inches to centimeters. This type of
formula may used in a metric units conversion function. Formulas and
functions are similar, and the terms are even sometimes used
interchangeably. However, it is important to know that formulas are
often the building blocks of functions, and not the other way aroun
Fragmentation The most efficient way to store
a file is in a contiguous physical block. However, over time, as a
storage device reads and writes data, fewer blocks of free space are
available. In some cases, it may be necessary to split a file into
multiple areas of a storage device. This is called file
fragmentation.
While computers can read fragmented files, it
is less efficient than reading a file saved in a single block. When
an HDD accesses a fragmented file, the drive head has to jump to
multiple areas to read it, which can cause a noticeable slowdown.
Fragmentation may also occur on an SSD, and while the effect
isn't as significant, it will still take longer for an SSD to
read a fragmented file. If your HDD or SSD has a large number of
fragmented files, it can significantly affect your computer's
performance.
Frame
In the computer world, a
frame can be many different things. The different definitions of
"frame" are listed below:
- Some Web
sites use HTML frames, where the pages are broken up into
various areas. Each area consists of an independent Web page.
Frames allow the multiple Web pages to all show up in the same
page.
- Graphics and
desktop publishing programs also use frames. In these programs,
frames are rectangular areas meant for inserting graphics and
text. They allow users to place objects wherever they want to on
the page.
- In video and
animation, frames are individual pictures in a sequence of
images. For example, a Flash movie you see on the Web may play 12
frames per second, creating the appearance of motion. Most video
is shot at 24 or 30 frames per second, or FPS. FPS is often
measured in 3D games as a way of checking how fast the graphics
processor of a computer is.
Full-Duplex
Full-duplex, or simply "duplex," is a type of
communication in which data can flow two ways at the same time.
Full duplex devices, therefore, can communicate back and forth
simultaneously.
Telephones are common examples of
full-duplex devices. They allow both people to hear each other at
the same time. In the computer world, most network protocols are
duplex, enabling hardware devices to send data back and forth
simultaneously. For example, two computers connected via an
Ethernet cable can send and receive data at the same time. Wireless
networks also support full-duplex communication. Additionally,
modern I/O standards, such as USB and Thunderbolt, are full-duplex.
Firewire
A type of cabling technology for
transferring data to and from digital devices at high speed. Some
professional digital cameras and memory card readers connect to the
computer over FireWire. FireWire card readers are typically faster
than those that connect via USB. Also known as IEEE 1394, FireWire
was invented by Apple Computer but is now commonly used with
Windows-based PCs as well.
Flash
Flash
is an application published by the Macromedia company. Think of
Flash as a ‘window’ that is displayed within the HTML
environment. You have complete control of the window. You can
display animations. You can make the animations clickable. You can
make text move and change. Flash is very fast because it draws
graphics on the fly, rather than storing text or graphics as
complete images. (Although Flash can also display photographic
images and illustrations). Flash gives you much more creative room
than HTML, but it requires a ‘plug-in’, a piece of code
on your computer that runs Flash. The newer browsers automatically
come with Flash. If your user has an older browser, and they
don’t already have Flash, they will be asked to download it.
If they agree to download Flash, they will be sent to the
Macromedia site where they will need to click on a few things to
receive Flash. If they haven’t already downloaded Flash, you
might lose them at this point. It is a tradeoff.
Flash
Memory
A special form of non-volatile EEPROM that can be
erased at signal levels normally found inside the PC, so that you
can reprogram the contents with whatever you like without pulling
the chips out of your computer. Also, once a flash memory has been
programmed, you can remove the expansion board it is mounted on and
plug it into another computer if you wish.
floppy
disk
noun small, removable magnetic disc for (permanent)
storing of data; diskette
Gateway
Hardware or software set up to translate between two different
protocols. For example, Prodigy has a gateway that translates
between its internal email format and Internet email format.
Another definition of gateway is any mechanism for providing access
to another system. For example, AOL might be called a gateway to
the Internet.
GIF
(Graphics
Interchange Format) - A graphics file format commonly used on the
Internet to provide images on Web pages. GIF images are 8-bit
(256-color) graphics.
Gigabyte
A
thousand (technically 2^10 or 1024) Megabytes.
Gopher
A searching tool that was once the primary tool for finding
information on the Internet before the WWW became popular. Gopher
is now buried under massive amounts of WWW pages.
GajShield
GajShield Infotech (I) Pvt. Ltd., founded 2002, is an Indian
firewall vendor and security services provider.
Gajshield's offerings include unified threat management (UTM),
data leak prevention (DLP) and email security solutions.
Gajshield's unified threat management (UTM) appliances provide
firewall, intrusion prevention, Virtual Private Network (VPN),
antivirus, antispam, content filtering, link load balancing,
bandwidth management, logging and reporting, and data leak
prevention services. Data leak prevention services are also
provided independent of the UTMs. The GajShield Centralized
Management System (GCMS) provides a single interface for monitoring
multiple UTM installations. Email spam filtering and analysis is
provided by the Gajshield SpamGaj software.
Galileo
Galileo is the informal name for the European Global Navigation
Satellite System (GNSS), a system that will offer users anywhere in
the world "near pinpoint" geographic positioning when it
becomes fully operational by 2008. Designed to be interoperable
with the other two such systems, the United States' Global
Positioning System (GPS) and Russia's Global Orbiting
Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS), Galileo will enable a user
to take a position from any combination of satellites with a single
receiver. Both GLONASS and GPS are run by the defense departments
of their respective countries. Galileo will be civilian-operated.
The Galileo system, which consists of 30 satellites orbiting the
earth at a height of 15,000 miles, is expected to pinpoint a
geographical position to within a single meter. Because the
service's availability will be guaranteed in almost any
circumstance, the system will be ideal for applications in which
precision and reliability are critical, such as air traffic
management (among many possible examples). Galileo will also
perform global search and rescue (SAR) functions, based on the
Cospas-Sarsat SAR system. Each satellite will have its own
transponder, which will transfer distress signals from a user's
transmitter to a rescue co-ordination center. Once the rescue
operation is launched, the system will transmit a signal to the
user, to notify them that help is on the way.
gallium
arsenide (GaAs)
Gallium arsenide (chemical formula GaAs) is
a semiconductor compound used in some diode s, field-effect
transistor s (FETs), and integrated circuit s (ICs). The charge
carriers, which are mostly electron s,move at high speed among the
atom s. This makes GaAs components useful at ultra-high radio
frequencies, and in fast electronic switching applications. GaAs
devices generate less noise than most other types of semiconductor
components. This is important in weak-signal amplification.
Gallium arsenide is used in the manufacture of light-emitting diode
s (LEDs), which are found in optical communications and control
systems. Gallium arsenide can replace silicon in the manufacture of
linear ICs and digital ICs. Linear (also called analog ) devices
include oscillator s and amplifier s. Digital devices are used for
electronic switching, and also in computer systems.
gallium nitride (GaN)
Gallium nitride (GaN) is a
semiconductor compound expected to make possible miniaturized,
high-power wireless transmitters. These transmitters will be
combined with sensitive receivers into telephone sets capable of
directly accessing communications satellite . The compound can also
be used in light-emitting diodes ( LED s) and other semiconductor
devices.
The advantages of GaN devices include high output
power with small physical volume, and high efficiency in power
amplifiers at ultra-high and microwave radio frequencies.
The main problem with GaN technology is cost. A special process is
required to grow a GaN crystal or wafer on which transistor s and
integrated circuits ( IC s) can be fabricated. Once the process is
implemented on a large scale, the cost should come down.
gamer
A gamer is a devoted player of electronic
games, especially on machines especially designed for such games
and, in a more recent trend, over the Internet. Playing such games
is known as gaming, a term first used as a synonym for gambling. An
IDC Research document, Trends ToLesson, Insights for Tomorrow,
IDC's 2001 Videogame Survey, reported that the average gamer is
a twenty-one year old male who devotes 9-10 hours a week to this
hobby.
Pong, an electronic version of ping pong, was the
first widely played video game. According to legend, when Atari
first tested Pong in a California bar the machine the game was
played on broke down from overuse after two Lessons. Pong was a
simple game
you moved a bar up and down to deflect the ball,
which your opponent (either the machine or another player) would
attempt to deflect on the other side. Since those early Lessons,
gaming has grown increasingly complex. There are many categories of
games, including simple games such as Tetris, role-playing games
(RPGs) such as Dungeons and Dragons, and hugely popular games such
as Quake.
gaming
Gaming is the running
of specialized application s known as electronic games, especially
on machines designed for such programs and, in a more recent trend,
using personal computers on the Internet in which case the activity
is known as online gaming. A person who plays electronic games is
called a gamer . The term "gaming" originated as a
synonym for "gambling" although most electronic games
toLesson do not involve gambling in the traditional sense.
Pong, an electronic version of ping pong, was the first widely
played electronic game. It was simple
you moved a bar up and
down to deflect the ball, which your opponent (either the machine
or another player) would attempt to deflect on the other side. It
became popular in the 1970s. Since then, gaming has grown
increasingly complex with enhanced graphics, full-motion video, 3-D
effects and hi-fi stereo sound. Specialized input devices such as
joystick s enhance the ability of the user to interact with the
programs. Games designed for playing offline on individual
computers are sold in electronics, computer, book, music and video
stores, usually on CD (compact disc) or DVD (digital versatile
disc) media. Computer games can also be downloaded from the
Internet. In its most sophisticated form, a gaming interface can
constitute a form of virtual reality . An example of this is Second
Life , a massively multiplayer universe (MMU) that uses a
decentralized server architecture to meet the demands of up to
several thousand online users simultaneously.
Gantt
chart
A Gantt chart is a horizontal bar chart developed as
a production control tool in 1917 by Henry L. Gantt, an American
engineer and social scientist. Frequently used in project
management, a Gantt chart provides a graphical illustration of a
schedule that helps to plan, coordinate, and track specific tasks
in a project.
garbage
In
computers, garbage has two related meanings:
1) From a
user's perceptual point-of-view, garbage is often used to mean
anything on your display screen that looks unreadable or
unviewable. This can include looking at a graphics file, such as a
Web Graphics Interchange Format file, with a text reader. Although
this is simply an instance of using the wrong program to view a
perfectly good file, the viewer is likely to think that what's
presented is "garbage."
2) From a programming
point-of-view, garbage is data that has been placed in random
access memory space obtained from the operating system that is no
longer needed. Freeing the space for reuse is called "garbage
collecting." In the past, programmers have had to write
programs that explicitly requested storage and then returned it to
the system when it was no longer needed. (Programs that neglect to
return unused storage can be shut down by the operating system.)
The term "garbage collecting" apparently was first used
in the LISP programming language. Java is a newer programming
language that, like LISP, handles garbage-collecting for the
program, freeing the programmer from being concerned about it.
Gartner
Gartner is an information technology
(IT) research and consultancy company, formerly known as Gartner
Group.
Gartner’s corporate divisions include Research,
Executive Programs, Consulting and Events. The company’s two
main data visualization and analysis tools are Gartner Magic
Quadrants and the hype cycle.
Gartner Magic Quadrants is a
research methodology and visualization tool for monitoring and
evaluating the progress and positions of companies in a specific,
technology-based market. Magic Quadrants uses a two-dimensional
matrix to illustrate the strengths and differences between
companies. Research reports generated help investors find companies
that fit their needs and help businesses compare competitors in
their market.
gas
A gas is a sample of
matter that conforms to the shape of a container in which it is
held and acquires a uniform density inside the container, even in
the presence of gravity and regardless of the amount of substance
in the container. If not confined to a container, gaseous matter,
also known as vapor, will disperse into space . The term gas is
also used in reference to the state, or condition, of matter having
this property.
gauss (G)
The gauss
(symbolized G) is the centimeter-gram-second (cgs) unit of magnetic
flux density. A flux density of 1 G represents one maxwell per
centimeter squared (1 Mx cm -2). The gauss was
named for the German scientist Karl Friedrich Gauss.
The
gauss is used when expressing the flux density produced by magnets
of the sort commonly encountered in consumer products. The flux
density of the earth's magnetic field at the surface is about 1
G. In industrial electromagnetics, the tesla (T), a much larger
unit, is used to express magnetic flux density. The gauss is one
ten-thousandth of a tesla (1 G = 10 -4 T).
gateway
A gateway is a network point that acts as an
entrance to another network. On the Internet, a node or stopping
point can be either a gateway node or a host (end-point) node. Both
the computers of Internet users and the computers that serve pages
to users are host nodes. The computers that control traffic within
your company's network or at your local Internet service
provider (ISP) are gateway nodes.
In the network for an
enterprise, a computer server acting as a gateway node is often
also acting as a proxy server and a firewall server. A gateway is
often associated with both a router, which knows where to direct a
given packet of data that arrives at the gateway, and a switch,
which furnishes the actual path in and out of the gateway for a
given packet.
geek
In computers and
the Internet, a geek is a person who is inordinately dedicated to
and involved with technology. As computer technology becomes less
frightening to larger numbers of people, society seems to be
developing a more tolerant, even benevolent view of the geek. In
some circles, it is considered a compliment to be called a geek
because the term implies a high level of competence. Similar
designations include nerd and propellor head. The most advanced
geek in an organization is sometimes referred to as the alpha geek.
geek speak
Geek speak is how the uninitiated
refer to the jargon and special vocabulary used by those immersed
in computers and other fields of information technology. Geek speak
is usually something that someone else uses. (That person may be
viewed as a geek or just someone who knows more than you.) As a
person learns about computers, the terms they use become familiar
and only the ones they haven't mastered yet continue to be geek
speak. The term was used in press coverage of the 1998 (and
ongoing) Microsoft antitrust case in which a great deal of industry
jargon was heard from witnesses and in e-mail introduced as
evidence.
Generalized Markup Language
GML (Generalized Markup Language) is an IBM document-formatting
language that describes a document in terms of its organization
structure and content parts and their relationship. GML markup or
tag s describe such parts as chapters, important sections and less
important sections (by specifying heading levels), paragraphs,
lists, tables, and so forth. GML frees document creators from
specific document formatting concerns such as font specification,
line spacing, and page layout required by IBM's printer
formatting language, SCRIPT.
Gigaflops
Gigaflops is a unit of measurement used to measure the performance
of a computer's floating point unit, commonly referred to as
the FPU. One gigaflops is one billion (1,000,000,000) FLOPS, or
floating point operations, per second.
The term
"gigaflops" appears to be plural, since it ends in
"s," but the word is actually singular since FLOPS is an
acronym for "floating point operations per second." This
is why gigaflops is sometimes written as "gigaFLOPS."
Since gigaflops measures how many billions of floating point
calculations a processor can perform each second, it serves as a
good indicator of a processor's raw performance. However, since
it does not measure integer calculations, gigaflops cannot be used
as a comprehensive means of measuring a processor's overall
performance.
Gigahertz
One gigahertz
is equal to 1,000 megahertz (MHz) or 1,000,000,000 Hz. It is
commonly used to measure computer processing speeds. For many
years, computer CPU speeds were measured in megahertz, but after
personal computers eclipsed the 1,000 Mhz mark around the year
2000, gigahertz became the standard measurement unit. After all, it
is easier to say "2.4 Gigahertz" than "2,400
Megahertz."
While gigahertz is most commonly used to
measure processor speed, it can also measure the speed of other
parts of the computer, such as the RAM and backside cache. The
speed of these components, along with other parts of the computer,
also impact the computer's overall performance. Therefore, when
comparing computers, remember the number of gigahertz is not the
only thing that matters.
Common Mistakes To Be Avoided (आम गलतियों को टाला जा सकता)
Could Would Should
‘Would’,
‘should’ and ‘could’ are auxiliary verbs,
meaning that their function is to assist main verbs. For example,
in the sentence, ‘I would like to meet him’,
‘like’ is the main verb that is assisted by
‘would’. They can be defined as the past tenses
respectively of will, shall and can, but each has many uses that
sometimes even express the present tense. It is important to be
able to differentiate between the three so as not to use them
incorrectly. We shall discuss some of the common functions of the
three words here.
Would
1. To ask questions:
Would you like to see the
doctor? = Do you want to see the doctor?
2. With ‘who’,
‘what’, ‘when’, ‘where’,
‘why’, ‘how’:
How would he react?
What would she do?
In both sentences,
‘would’ is more or less interchangeable with
‘will’.
3. To make polite requests:
I would like more salad,
please. = I want more salad, please.
4. To show a different
response if the past had been different:
I would have done something
if I had known you were in trouble. = I didn't know that you
were in. This is why I did not do anything to help.
5. To explain an outcome to a
hypothetical situation:
Were I to win a million
dollars, I would go on a world cruise. = If I win a million
dollars, I will go on a world cruise.
6. To show habitual past
action:
The dog would howl whenever
its owner would leave it alone at home.
Think of
‘would’ as ‘did’.
7. To show preference between
two choices, used with rather or sooner:
I would sooner face the
punishment than lie and escape it. = I prefer speaking the truth
to lying.
8. To show intention:
He said he would do it. = He
said it was his intention to do it.
Should
1. To ask questions (it is
generally interchangeable with ‘ought’ in such cases):
Should I submit my assignment
now? = Am I supposed to submit my assignment now?
2. To show obligation:
You should brush your teeth
twice a Lesson.
Here, too,
‘should’ can be replaced with ‘ought to’,
but in this context it is used to make a persuasive statement.
3. To express a hypothetical
situation:
Should you wish to do so, you
may. = If you wish to do so, you may.
4. To express what is likely:
If you take the highway, you
should be there in two hours.
Here, ‘should’
means something like ‘probably will’.
Could
1. As the past tense of can:
There was a time when I could
run a mile without breaking a sweat.
2. To ask questions:
Could I submit my assignment
now? = Am I allowed to submit my assignment now?
3. To show possibility:
You could do a lot better. =
You have the potential to do a lot better.
4. To express tentativeness
or politeness:
I could be wrong. = I may be
wrong.